Mechanisms8 sources
Enterohepatic Circulation
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Search: “EPA”
Ranked matches across titles, topics, categories, and article introductions, filtered to mechanism.
15 records in this view
Mechanisms8 sources
Bile Acid Metabolism
Bile acids are cholesterol-derived amphipathic molecules synthesized in the liver, secreted into the duodenum, and extensively modified by gut bacteria. The host-microbe co-metabolism of bile acids creates a signaling network with profound effects on lipid metabolism, g…
Mechanisms6 sources
Dietary Arsenic Exposure
arsenic (As) is unique among dietary heavy metals because it exists in two fundamentally different forms with dramatically different toxicities: inorganic arsenic (iAs, the dangerous form) and organic arsenic (arsenobetaine, arsenosugars — largely non-toxic). Understand…
Mechanisms8 sources
DNA Damage in Metal Carcinogenesis
Direct DNA damage is the primary carcinogenic mechanism for chromium but is notably absent or minor for nickel and arsenic. This distinction is fundamental to understanding why these three metals cause cancer through such different pathways.
Mechanisms4 sources
Estrobolome
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Mechanisms3 sources
Estrogen Recirculation
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Mechanisms4 sources
Hydrogenase
[NiFe] hydrogenases are the second major nickel-dependent virulence factor class in human pathogens. Less widespread than urease but critical for energy metabolism in gastric, enteric, and intracellular pathogens. The discovery that H. pylori hydrogenase powers CagA tra…
Mechanisms8 sources
Indoxyl Sulfate
Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a protein-bound uremic toxin produced through a two-step process: gut bacteria convert dietary tryptophan to indole, which is then absorbed and sulfated by hepatic sulfotransferases (SULT1A1). IS exemplifies how dysbiosis-driven metabolite overpr…
Mechanisms8 sources
Intestinal Permeability
The intestinal epithelium is a single-cell-thick barrier separating the lumen -- home to trillions of microbes and ingested metals -- from the systemic circulation. When this barrier fails, the consequences cascade: microbial products translocate, metals gain unrestrict…
Mechanisms3 sources
Ketone Bodies
Ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate [BHB], acetoacetate, acetone) are produced by hepatic fatty acid oxidation during carbohydrate restriction, fasting, or ketogenic diet consumption. BHB is the most abundant and is structurally and functionally analogous to butyrate — …
Mechanisms8 sources
Metal Carcinogenesis
The ability of certain metals to cause cancer has been known since the 19th century. The three metals covered in this wiki — nickel, arsenic, and chromium — represent distinct mechanistic paradigms that collectively illustrate the diversity of metal-induced carcinogenes…
Mechanisms5 sources
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)
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Mechanisms6 sources
Shotgun Metagenomics
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Mechanisms7 sources
Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO)
A gut microbiome-derived metabolite that has emerged as one of the strongest microbial biomarkers for cardiovascular disease risk. TMAO exemplifies how microbial metabolism of dietary nutrients can generate systemically toxic products -- a fundamentally different paradi…
Mechanisms3 sources
Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA)
Ursodeoxycholic acid is a hydrophilic secondary bile acid used therapeutically for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), gallstone dissolution, and cholestatic liver disease. It is also a microbial metabolite — gut bacteria (7α/β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases) convert chen…