Lipid Metabolism

Overview

Lipid metabolism — the synthesis, transport, and degradation of fats — is profoundly modulated by both the gut microbiome and metal homeostasis. The microbiome influences lipid metabolism through bile acid transformation, SCFA production, TMAO generation, and direct enzymatic modification of dietary lipids. Metals affect lipid metabolism through oxidative modification (lipid peroxidation), enzyme cofactor roles, and disruption of hepatic lipid processing.

Microbiome-Lipid Interactions

  • Bile acid metabolism: Gut bacteria deconjugate and transform primary bile acids into secondary bile acids (deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid), which act as signaling molecules via FXR and TGR5 receptors, regulating cholesterol synthesis and fat absorption rezen 2022 bile acids carcinogenesis review.
  • TMAO production: Microbial metabolism of choline/carnitine → trimethylamine → hepatic oxidation to TMAO, which promotes atherosclerosis zhu 2023 gut microbiota metabolic pathways cvd.
  • SCFA and lipogenesis: short chain fatty acids (particularly propionate and butyrate) modulate hepatic lipogenesis and adipose tissue metabolism.
  • Sex-specific effects: Gut microbiome composition differs by sex, with distinct lipid metabolism implications for CVD risk razavi 2019 sex gut microbiome cvd risk.

Metal Interference

Cross-References