Mechanisms8 sources
Hypoxic Signaling (HIF-1α Pathway)
Activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway under normoxic conditions is a hallmark mechanism of nickel carcinogenesis, distinguishing it from arsenic and chromium.
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Mechanisms22 sources
Mis-Metallation
Mis-metallation is the displacement of the correct metal cofactor from an enzyme or protein by a wrong metal ion, leading to loss of function, gain of aberrant function, or structural disruption. This is one of the most fundamental and pervasive mechanisms of metal toxi…