Succinate

Overview

Succinate is a Krebs cycle intermediate and a microbial metabolite produced by dialister, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and other gut bacteria. Beyond its role in energy metabolism, succinate is a signaling molecule that activates GPR91 (SUCNR1) on immune cells and neurons, linking microbial metabolism to host inflammation and neurological function.

Dual Role

  • Physiological: Supports mitochondrial electron transport (Complex II substrate); signals via GPR91 for immune surveillance.
  • Pathological: Excess succinate stabilizes HIF-1α in macrophages → drives IL-6 and il 1beta production → pro-inflammatory. Succinate accumulation in the tumor microenvironment promotes cancer progression.

Dialister Connection

dialister is a primary succinate producer in the gut. Dialister depletion in depression → reduced succinate → impaired mitochondrial function in hippocampal neurons → cognitive and mood deficits [1] [2].

Cross-References

References (3)

  1. . peng 2023 gut microbiome brain metabolic remodeling cp epilepsy
  2. . romano 2023 gut microbiome children mental health umbrella review
  3. . zhou 2024 maternal ppd infant neurodevelopment gut microbiota