Dietary nickel-exposure context. Separation does not establish nickel in a depicted matrix and does not identify a food, nickel compound, concentration, dose, threshold, allergy, toxicity, or individual risk.
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- Dietary Nickel Exposurebiological-process
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- Nickel — Medical Subject HeadingsToxicological Profile for NickelDietary Nickel Exposure
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Food is the primary source of Nickel exposure for the general (non-occupational) population. While food nickel poses minimal risk to most adults, children and nickel-sensitized individuals are high-risk groups.
Evidence map8 cited passagesInspect provenance +
Nickel-rich sources (mg Ni/kg):
Stainless steel cookware (especially with acidic foods like tomato, vinegar, lemon)
EFSA TDI: 13 μg/kg body weight/day.
Children are particularly vulnerable:
A striking connection: gluten-free diets are naturally high in nickel:
Practical guidance for reducing dietary nickel:
Target intake for sensitized individuals: 100-150 μg/day may be beneficial.
—most comprehensive data on children's exposure
Contents
1. Nickel Content in Foods2. Regulatory Thresholds3. Children as a High-Risk Group4. Celiac Disease Intersection5. Low-Nickel Diet6. ConnectionsNickel Content in Foods#
Nickel-rich sources (mg nickel (Ni)/kg):[1]Nickel Exposure from Food and Levels in Children's Blood and Tissues: Health ImplicationsDobrzyńska MM, Gajowik A, Jankowska-Steifer EA et al. · 2025Open reference 1 ↓
| Food | nickel content (mg/kg) |
|---|---|
| Cocoa | 8.2-17.1 |
| Grains, legumes, cereals | 0.3-9.8 |
| Nuts | 0.2-6.7 |
| Soy products | 0.1-5.1 |
| Mushrooms | 1.5-5.0 |
| Oatmeal | 0.77-1.76 |
| Chocolate | ~0.6 |
| Canned vegetables | <0.01-0.52 |
Other sources of dietary nickel contamination. Stainless steel cookware (especially with acidic foods like tomato, vinegar, lemon).[2]Dietary Nickel as a Cause of Systemic Contact DermatitisZirwas MJ, Molenda MA · 2009Open reference 2 ↓ Tap water (first quart from faucet may contain leached nickel from fixtures).
Canned foods (metal leaching from cans).
Food processing equipment (industrial nickel contamination).
Regulatory Thresholds#
EFSA TDI: 13 μg/kg body weight/day.[1]Nickel Exposure from Food and Levels in Children's Blood and Tissues: Health ImplicationsDobrzyńska MM, Gajowik A, Jankowska-Steifer EA et al. · 2025Open reference 1 ↓ LOAEL: 4.3 μg nickel (Ni)/kg body weight (critical effect: eczematous flare-up in nickel-sensitized humans). Margin of Exposure: recommended ≥30.
Normal diet provides ~300 μg/day for adults; nickel is not regulated in food in most jurisdictions.
Children as a High-Risk Group#
Children are particularly vulnerable.[1]Nickel Exposure from Food and Levels in Children's Blood and Tissues: Health ImplicationsDobrzyńska MM, Gajowik A, Jankowska-Steifer EA et al. · 2025Open reference 1 ↓ Immature detoxification systems. Higher food intake relative to body weight.
High consumption of nickel-rich foods (chocolate, cocoa, cereals).
French study: 7.9-37.9% of children (1-36 months) exceeded TDI; up to 98% under upper-bound estimates. Main sources for children: chocolate/cocoa products, cereals. Infant formula: soy-based formulas contain more nickel (0.05 mg/kg with iron fortification vs 0.02 without).
Celiac Disease Intersection#
A striking connection: gluten-free diets are naturally high in nickel.[3]Beneficial Effects of a Low-Nickel Diet on Relapsing IBS-Like and Extraintestinal Symptoms of Celiac Patients during a Proper Gluten-Free DietBorghini R, De Amicis N, Bella A et al. · 2020Open reference 3 ↓
GF staples (corn, chickpeas, lentils, buckwheat) overlap significantly with high-nickel foods. Celiac patients on strict GFD may develop nickel (Ni) ACM symptoms due to increased nickel load. A combined GFD + low-nickel diet resolved symptoms in 83.4% of cases.
Low-Nickel Diet#
Practical guidance for reducing dietary nickel:[2]Dietary Nickel as a Cause of Systemic Contact DermatitisZirwas MJ, Molenda MA · 2009Open reference 2 ↓
Avoid: whole grains (wheat bran, oatmeal), beans/lentils/peas/soy, all nuts and seeds, chocolate/cocoa, canned foods, black tea, commercial salad dressings, stainless steel cookware for acidic foods.
Reduce absorption. Vitamin C with meals (competitive inhibitor of nickel absorption). High iron diet (iron competes for absorption).
Run tap water briefly before use (flush nickel from faucet fixtures).
Target intake for sensitized individuals: 100-150 μg/day may be beneficial.[4]Nickel contact dermatitis in childrenTuchman M, Silverberg JI, Jacob SE et al. · 2015Open reference 4 ↓
Connections#
- Nickel Allergy and Allergic Contact Dermatitis—dietary nickel triggers systemic contact dermatitis
- Nickel—the metal
- [1]Nickel Exposure from Food and Levels in Children's Blood and Tissues: Health ImplicationsDobrzyńska MM, Gajowik A, Jankowska-Steifer EA et al. · 2025Open reference 1 ↓—most comprehensive data on children's exposure
- Relates to Metabolic Syndrome and Metal Exposure—dietary nickel as non-occupational exposure route
References 5
Numbered by first appearance in the article, then reconciled with its declared source list.
- 1
Dobrzyńska MM, Gajowik A, Jankowska-Steifer EA et al. (2025). Nickel Exposure from Food and Levels in Children's Blood and Tissues: Health Implications. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment.
- 2
Zirwas MJ, Molenda MA (2009). Dietary Nickel as a Cause of Systemic Contact Dermatitis. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology.
- 3
Borghini R, De Amicis N, Bella A et al. (2020). Beneficial Effects of a Low-Nickel Diet on Relapsing IBS-Like and Extraintestinal Symptoms of Celiac Patients during a Proper Gluten-Free Diet. Nutrients.
- 4
Tuchman M, Silverberg JI, Jacob SE et al. (2015). Nickel contact dermatitis in children. Clin Dermatol.
- 5
Ahlström MG, Thyssen JP, Wennervaldt M et al. (2019). Nickel Allergy and Allergic Contact Dermatitis: A Clinical Review. Contact Dermatitis.
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- published revision
Revised “Nickel Content in Foods”: now reads “Nickel-rich sources (mg Ni/kg): | Food | Ni content (mg/kg) | |------|-------------------| | Cocoa | 8.2-17.1 | | Grains, legumes, cereals | 0.3-9.8 | | Nuts | 0.2-6.7 | | Soy products | 0.1-5.1 | |…”.
Revised “Nickel Content in Foods”: changed “Nickel-rich sources (mg Ni/kg) ]: | Food | Ni content (mg/kg) | |------|-------------------| | Cocoa | 8.2-17.1 | | Grains, legumes, cereals | 0.3-9.8 | | Nuts | 0.2-6.7 | | Soy products | 0.1-5.1 | |…” to “Nickel-rich sources (mg Ni/kg): | Food | Ni content (mg/kg) | |------|-------------------| | Cocoa | 8.2-17.1 | | Grains, legumes, cereals | 0.3-9.8 | | Nuts | 0.2-6.7 | | Soy products | 0.1-5.1 | |…”. Revised “Regulatory Thresholds”: changed “- EFSA TDI: 13 μg/kg body weight/day ]. - LOAEL: 4.3 μg Ni/kg body” to “- EFSA TDI: 13 μg/kg body weight/day. - LOAEL: 4.3 μg Ni/kg body”. Revised “Children as a High-Risk Group”: changed “Children are particularly vulnerable ]: - Immature detoxification systems - Higher” to “Children are particularly vulnerable: - Immature detoxification systems - Higher”. Revised “Celiac Disease Intersection”: changed “gluten-free diets are naturally high in nickel ]: - GF staples (corn, chickpeas, lentils,” to “gluten-free diets are naturally high in nickel: - GF staples (corn, chickpeas, lentils,”. Revised “Low-Nickel Diet”: changed “Practical guidance for reducing dietary nickel ]: Avoid: whole grains (wheat bran, oatmeal), beans/lentils/peas/soy, all nuts and seeds, chocolate/cocoa, canned foods, black tea, commercial salad…” to “Practical guidance for reducing dietary nickel: Avoid: whole grains (wheat bran, oatmeal), beans/lentils/peas/soy, all nuts and seeds, chocolate/cocoa, canned foods, black tea, commercial salad…”. Added “Key Sources”: - Added citations to “Nickel Content in Foods”: dobrzynska 2025 nickel children food; zirwas 2009 dietary nickel dermatitis. Removed citations from “Nickel Content in Foods”: [dobrzynska 2025 nickel children food; [zirwas 2009 dietary nickel dermatitis. Added citations to “Regulatory Thresholds”: dobrzynska 2025 nickel children food. Removed citations from “Regulatory Thresholds”: [dobrzynska 2025 nickel children food. Added citations to “Children as a High-Risk Group”: dobrzynska 2025 nickel children food. Removed citations from “Children as a High-Risk Group”: [dobrzynska 2025 nickel children food. Added citations to “Celiac Disease Intersection”: borghini 2020 low nickel diet celiac. Removed citations from “Celiac Disease Intersection”: [borghini 2020 low nickel diet celiac. Added citations to “Low-Nickel Diet”: zirwas 2009 dietary nickel dermatitis; tuchman 2015 nickel dermatitis children. Removed citations from “Low-Nickel Diet”: [zirwas 2009 dietary nickel dermatitis; [tuchman 2015 nickel dermatitis children. Added citations to “Key Sources”: ahlstrom 2019 nickel allergy review. · WikiBiome Deploy Bot · +14 −7
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Created “Dietary Nickel Exposure”: Food is the primary source of nickel exposure for the general (non-occupational) population. While food nickel poses minimal risk to most adults, children and nickel-sensitized individuals are…
Created “Dietary Nickel Exposure”: Food is the primary source of nickel exposure for the general (non-occupational) population. While food nickel poses minimal risk to most adults, children and nickel-sensitized individuals are… Published sections: Dietary Nickel Exposure; Nickel Content in Foods; Regulatory Thresholds; Children as a High-Risk Group; Celiac Disease Intersection; Low-Nickel Diet; Connections. · Karen Pendergrass · +77 −0
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